Mistake Master

Cell Structure and Function

Eleven topics on the cell — the smallest thing that counts as alive. The subcellular components and how each organelle's structure predicts its function, why cell size is capped by the falling surface-area-to-volume ratio, the plasma membrane as a fluid mosaic and what its selective permeability lets through, the difference between passive and active membrane transport, facilitated diffusion through channels and carriers, tonicity and osmoregulation and the direction water moves, bulk transport by vesicles, why compartmentalization matters, and the endosymbiotic origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Topics
Key relationships Not a formula-heavy unit — the two ratios and relationships to know
SA:V ratio
SA:V ratio = surface area ÷ volume
Cube of side s
surface area = 6s2, volume = s3, so SA:V = 6 ÷ s
As a cell grows
volume rises faster than surface area, so SA:V falls
Consequence
low SA:V → too little membrane per unit volume for exchange, so big cells are less efficient
Adaptations
stay small, flatten, or fold the membrane (microvilli) to keep surface area high
Water potential
$$\Psi = \Psi_p + \Psi_s$$
Terms
Ψp = pressure potential, Ψs = solute (osmotic) potential (adding solute makes Ψs more negative)
Direction of flow
water moves toward the region of lower (more negative) Ψ
Tonicity link
hypertonic surroundings = lower Ψ outside → water leaves the cell; hypotonic = higher Ψ outside → water enters
Unit 2 tools
Challenge bank
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60 open-ended problems.

Read the question, work it out, then flip the card to compare your reasoning to the worked solution. Mark each card so you can return to the ones that still bite.

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Question
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Worked solution
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Cumulative assessment

Test the unit.

Twenty mixed items pulled from across all 11 topics. Identifies which misconceptions still bite when you cannot see which topic the question came from.

20questions
11topics
18codes covered
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